Constitution of Opqr Pty Ltd

Question: Portray constitution of opqr pty ltd. Answer: Section A: General Terms and Conditions: 1. Definitions: The accompanying definition will be appropriate in the constitution of OPQR PTY LTD (OPQR), except if in any case gave: Act will mean the Australian Corporation, 2001 ASIC implies the Australian Securities and Investment Commission. Organization will mean OPQR Pty Ltd. Constitution implies the constitution of OPQR Pty Ltd. Executive methods the chief that is designated by the investors and different individuals from the association. Profit implies any temporary or finishing up profit Part Present will mean the part who are available at the hour of a gathering and are assembled for such conferences either without anyone else or by the lawyer, intermediary or some other corporate body. Inclination Rate will mean the rate that is determined by the executives dependent on the level of offers held by every one of the investor. Seal implies any basic seal of the organization. Protections implies the offers according to the Act. 1.1 Interpretation: The words in this constitution that are expressed in strong, italics or headings are just for comprehension and the importance of the words stay unaltered except if indicated something else. 2. Replaceable Rules: The replaceable guidelines will be material to the class of inclination share. 3. Issue of Shares: The Directors of the organization have the position to give partakes in the Company, the offers, nonetheless, may incorporate restricted offers or choices of offers, or as the Director may think fit. Subject to the Act, an offer or an alternatives offer might be given. Every one of the offers will have limitations forced on them and might be joined by extraordinary rights. Classes of Shares: 3.1 Preference Shares A H class of inclination share is given and will be dependent upon the accompanying conditions on the part who holds it: The option to join in and get notice of gatherings The option to acquire installment of the profit from the offer that is given. The privileges of the individuals who hold such offers are contained as a feature of this constitution. An I class of inclination share is given and will be dependent upon the accompanying conditions on the part who holds it: The rights to join in and get notice of gatherings of the endeavor and simultaneously additionally reserve the option to utilize one decision in favor of each survey. The option to acquire installment of the profit from the offer that is given The privileges of the individuals who hold such offers are contained as a feature of this constitution. A J class of inclination share is given and will be dependent upon the accompanying conditions on the part who holds it: The rights to join in and get notice of gatherings of the endeavor and simultaneously additionally reserve the option to utilize one decision in favor of each survey. The option to get installment of the profit from the offer that is given The privileges of the individuals who hold such offers are contained as a major aspect of this constitution. 3.2 Redeemable Preference Share: A K class of inclination share is given and will be dependent upon the accompanying conditions on the part who holds it: The rights to join in and get notice of gatherings of the endeavor and simultaneously likewise reserve the option to utilize one decision in favor of each survey. The option to get profit on the offer that is given. The privileges of the individuals holding redeemable offers are contained as a major aspect of this constitution. A L class of inclination share is given and will be dependent upon the accompanying conditions on the part who holds it: The option to go to gatherings and get notice of gatherings, nonetheless, there might be no option to cast a ballot in the gathering. The privilege to installment of an aggregate special Dividend The privileges of the individuals will be contained in this constitution A M class of inclination share is given and will be dependent upon the accompanying conditions on the part who holds it: The rights to join in and get notice of gatherings of the endeavor and simultaneously additionally reserve the option to utilize one decision in favor of each survey. The privilege to installment of a total particular Dividend The privileges of the individuals will be contained in this constitution 3.3 Preference and Redeemable Shares Generally: inclination shares is given by the organization. The offer incorporates inclination shares or redeemable offers at the choice of the organization. The individuals who hold inclination share reserve the option to get profit of offer and the profit might be total as for the Dividends or might be non-combined. The individuals from such issue of offer reserve the privilege to get installment out of the benefits of the organization. The installment might be aggregate contingent upon the profits. The installment might be non-aggregate also. the individuals who hold the inclination share reserve the privilege to wrap up the organization. The individuals reserve the privilege to wrap up the organization or diminish the capital of the organization. The individuals who hold aggregate inclination shares reserve the option to wrap up the organization or decrease the capital of the organization. The individuals who hold redeemable inclination share is dependent upon the accompanying terms and conditions, the organization has the alternative to recover the offer the individuals hold whenever concerning the complete number of offers that the individuals hold. The organization has the option to recover the offers anytime of time independent of the all out number of offers that the individuals hold. installment of the cost gave on the offer. If there should arise an occurrence of a combined inclination share installment of the accumulated profit that is unpaid. The part who holds the inclination share will have a similar right as the part who holds a standard offer. Both the individuals will reserve the option to go to gatherings and get notice of gatherings. the holder of an inclination share will have a similar right as the individual from a standard offer. the part who holds an inclination share doesn't reserve the option to cast a ballot in a gathering, other than this every single other right of the investor are same as the holder of a normal offer. the holder of an inclination share doesn't reserve the privilege to cast a ballot in gatherings aside from welcomed on a proposition. the part will be advised to go to the gathering and vote regarding the offer capital of the economy, the rights that are related with the offer that was given, for a choice that is pending for the ending up of the organization and removal of the property of the organization. when the organization is wrapping up, the individuals from the organization reserve the privilege to practice their entitlement to cast a ballot. At the hour of recovery of such an offer, the capital of the organization will be changed in accordance with mirror the reclamation. The declaration of offer for every inclination must express the class to which it has a place. Part B Area 124: An organization has comparative lawful forces and limit like that of people both outside and inside the ward. As indicated by area 124 subsection 1 of the Corporations Act, 2001, an organization has lawful position and rights, which are same to that which an individual has. This segment gives the subtleties of the forces and privileges of an enrolled organization (Brown and Sukys 2012). As indicated by this area, the organization has the ability to give offers and it has the ability to drop the offers that are given. The organization has the option to give redeemable or irredeemable debentures. The organization has the freedom of changing the choices that are accessible with respect to the issue of portions of the organization. The offers incorporate the pre-owned offers just as the unused offers. An enrolled organization can likewise direct a reasonable division of property. The division is directed between the individuals from the organization; the advantages can be taken either in real money or in kind. The organization will likewise be given the position to concede a capital called uncalled capital. The organization has the obligations to make appropriate plans for the enrollment of the organization (Brown and Sukys 2012). Enrollment of the organization is significant in light of the fact that it was regularly observed that the privileges of the organization were blended in with the privileges of the individuals if the organization. The fundamental explanation behind the fuse of this segment was to guarantee that the organization is dealt with like a different substance unmistakable from their individuals. Area 129 (1): Part 2B of the Corporations Act, 2001, contains areas 128 and 129. Both the areas are interrelated. As indicated by area 128 of the Act, an individual can make conclusions under segment 129 of the Act concerning the dealings and activities of the organization (Cavitch 2015). The organization can't proclaim a procedure as unlawful dependent on suppositions. This area gives the power to the organization to make presumptions under section129 of the Act. As indicated by segment 129, subsection 1 of the Act, an individual can make suspicions that the Corporations Act, 2001 and the constitution of the organization that has replaceable guidelines tie an organization. Segment 588M (3): Segment 588G of the Corporations Act, 2001 forces a commitment on the executives of the organization to forestall exchanging that is ruined in nature. A ruined exchanging happens when the organization can't or isn't in the situation to pay the obligations that it is qualified for pay to its indebted individuals (Cavitch 2015). In such a circumstance, the organization can be pronounced as wiped out. Area 588M offers position to the leaser, who has endured misfortune in view of the executive, who has contradicted any of his obligations because of which the organization can't pay the obligation of the lender. The lender needs to demonstrate that the person endured a misfortune in light of the fact that the organization has gotten wiped out or the obligation was not paid to him when the organization endured the misfortune and ultimately, when the organization is twisted up. Just when these conditions are fulfilled, an organization can be proclaimed as indebted (Godwin 2014). As indicated by segment 588M (1) (d), a loan boss must be qualified for remuneration in the event that they set up that the executives contradicted their obligation due to which the organization endured misfortune. Be that as it may, m

Church State under Charlemagne free essay sample

Political, military strict components prompting joining of chapel state, concentrating on life, vocation ascend to intensity of first Holy Roman Emperor, Charlemagne. Charlemagne was the main Holy Roman Emperor. This title represented the collaboration among chapel and express that guaranteed the Roman popes authority over the Western Church, and the Frankish heads authority over a lot of Christianized Western Europe. Under Charlemagne, King of the Franks, the impact of the Catholic Church had been emphatically strengthened. Another connection between the Frankish rulers and the popes was begun by Pepin, Charlemagnes father, and Boniface, the popes legate. Their initial program of chapel change was extraordinarily extended by Charlemagne. Pepin had additionally given his security to the popes when Rome was undermined by intruders, and Charlemagne proceeded with the custom. This circumstance brought about another association among chapel and state. Charlemagne applied incredible effect on the ministry and on chapel practice, and offered security to the. We will compose a custom article test on Church State under Charlemagne or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page .

An update on the Tech Policy Initiative COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

An update on the Tech Policy Initiative COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I decided to take a detour from the classroom series today to share with you some exciting content from the Fall 2015 Tech Policy newsletter.  SIPAs Tech Policy Initiative is an ambitious effort to fuse public policy, engineering, data science and entrepreneurship through activities including innovation competitions, start-up incubator space and interdisciplinary research. By equipping the next generation of public policy students with a deep understanding of new technology, nurturing organizations that are building novel tech-based solutions to pressing public policy problems and supporting cutting-edge interdisciplinary research at the intersection of tech and policy, SIPA is establishing itself as a preeminent authority in technology and public policy. A new round of the Deans Public Policy Challenge Grant, visits from two of the highest level cyber security policy makers in the United States, and the release of the proceedings of New York Citys biggest tech and policy conference are a few of the recent highlights. Just Released: Conference Proceedings You may recall learning about the  Conference on Internet Governance and Cyber Security  on this blog  last spring. The proceedings from that conference are now available online. Next generation scholars have contributed to these proceedings, which summarize the discussion held at the conference and propose an agenda for future research in policy areas ranging from digital trade, to cyber security and the Internet of Things, and beyond. For more information, please see the Conference website. You can also watch a two-minute recap of the conference below. Digital Economy Evaluating the Importance of the Digital Economy Dean Merit E. Janow, Professor Joseph  Stiglitz, Professor Eli Noam and Martin Wolf  examined the concept of the digital economy and unpacked the consequences of the continued adoption of digital technologies on economic growth and income inequality on Oct 23. Watch a video of the event. World Development Report 2015: Digital Dividends workshop The authors of the World Banks annual World Development Report presented parts of the report, on Digital Dividends, for discussion with a group of Columbia SIPA students, scholars and faculty on Oct. 21. Internet Governance The High Politics of Internet Governance The two co-convenors of the UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), Amb. Lana Nusseibeh and Amb. Janis Mažeiks, joined a panel featuring Laura DeNardis, Gordon Goldstein, David Gross and Veni Markovski to discuss global Internet governance given impending review of the WSIS process. Watch a video of the event. Cyber Security The Future of Cyber Power Admiral Michael Rogers, Commander of US Cyber Command and Director of the National Security Agency visited Columbia SIPA to discuss the latest developments in cyber security. Watch a video of the event. Managing Our Nations Cyber Risk Alejandro Mayorkas, the Deputy Secretary for Homeland Security, spoke with Jay Healey, SIPAs Senior Research Scholar for Cyber Security, about how the US Federal government is approaching cyber security policy. Watch a video of the event. Deans Public Policy Challenge Grant The next cohort of The Deans Public Policy Challenge Grant awardees have been selected and their ideas include providing solar energy in India to easing the legal procedures that refugees face through a cell phone interface. Awardees are now going through bootcamp sessions on starting new ventures, prototyping, financial planning, legal issues and effective pitching. Keep an eye on the grant, as a total of $50,000 will be awarded to two or three winning teams from each competition. Who knows that could be you next year!

The Collapse Of Tiger Woods - 1533 Words

From the top of the golf charts to the nadir of social perspective, Tiger Woods has captivated America on multiple occasions without doubt. For every golf tournament win he has, there seems to be an equal amount of mistresses he had. It seems that as he rose to the pinnacle of stardom, the easier it became for Woods to fall into the traps of sex and drugs that have ensnared so many. From the moral degradation of Woods came the collapse of multiple journalistic standards. Shoddy reporting became common when dealing with the multitude of women alleging involvement with the sports star, and sports writers became tabloid journalists seemingly overnight. Two articles that comprise Donna Barbie’s The Tiger Woods Phenomenon illustrate these aspects of the collapse of Tiger Woods: â€Å"Painful Pleasures† by Jonathan French and â€Å"Responsible Adults in the Toy Department† by Steve Master. Both articles depict how Tiger Woods strayed from getting pleasure from golf to the easier high of drugs and sex, and how concurrently the journalistic world switched from well researched stories to easier sensationalized tabloids of the once proud golf star. Initially, Tiger Woods seemed to have it all: multiple golf tournament wins, endorsements from big names like Nike and Gillette, the wife Elin Nordegren, and two young kids. Life was going so well that the car accident Woods had on the day after Thanksgiving 2009 and subsequent infidelity scandal came as a shock; a shock not just to the golf world,Show MoreRelatedWhy Famous Athletes Should Not Be Paid?872 Words   |  4 Pagesyears go by the salary for athletes gets ridiculously high. 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Independent 3d Animation Production - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3251 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 2.1 Definition of Animation 2.1.1 A Technical Definition of Animation Various definitions of animation exist that cover technical, physiological, through to philosophical aspects. In a technical sense, Myers (1999, [Online]) describes animation, the form that we have become familiar with, as a series of drawings that are linked together and photographed. The drawings have been slightly changed between individualized frames so when they are played back in rapid succession there appears to be seamless movement within the drawings'(Myers 1999, [Online]). Jonsson (1978, p. 2) also describes animation in a technical sense: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Independent 3d Animation Production" essay for you Create order A strip of movie film consists of still pictures called frames each one slightly different from the one preceding it. When the film is projected and run continuously these still pictures give an illusion of movement (Jonsson 1978, p. 2). Morrison (1994, p. 5) simply defines, animation as the illusion of movement: This illusion of movement can be achieved by quickly displaying a series of images that show slight incremental changes in one of the depicted objects. If you play back these images fast enough, the eye will perceive movement (Morrison 1994, p. 5). It is safe for one to conclude that animation and motion picture in general, when viewed by a human is an illusion, the rapid succession of ordered singular frames tricking the viewers eye into perceiving there is an apparent seamless movement. This technical definition of animation is closely linked to the history and evolution of motion picture, also to human physiology and how the eye and the brain perceive movement. ÂÂ   2.1.2 The Beginnings of the Motion Picture Animation cannot be achieved without first understanding a fundamental principle of the human eye: the persistence of vision'(James 2002, [Online]). Animation literature shows that the appreciation of this principle is not only linked with the history of animation and motion picture but much earlier, beginning long ago in our past. Since the beginnings of time, human beings have tried to capture a sense of motion in their art'(James 2002, [Online]). Williams (2001) points out several examples; a 35,000 year old pre-historic cave painting of a boar in Northern Spain displaying four pairs of legs to show motion'(Williams 2001, p. 11). Egyptian temple paintings of figures that progressively changed position'(Williams 2001, p. 12). Ancient Greek decorated pots with figures in successive stages of action. Spinning the pot would create a sense of motion'(Williams 2001, p. 12). Other examples are cave and wall paintings, medieval tapestries, scrolls, and paintings which all tell continuous storiesand some of which attempt to illustrate repetitive motions'(James 2002, [Online]). Theories that were born in the ancient world by classical scholars were to prove very important in the genesis of animation, as The Private Lessons Channel (2002, [Online]) points out. It identifies historical figures such as the Greek Aristotle (384-322 BC), who observed light and motion after effects, dating back to 340 BC (The Private Lessons Channel 2002, [Online]). The Private Lessons Channel (2002, [Online]) then points out that later, in 130 AD, Greek astronomer and geographer Ptolemy (100-178 AD) discovered the aforementioned persistence of vision. In elaborating a point made by Thomas (1964, p. 8), one can see how these ancient scholars came to such discoveries; Imagine a torch lighted with fire, being whisked around in a circular motion in the darkness, the eye seeing a continuous unbroken circle of light. This type of phenomenon must have been known to the ancients'(Thomas 1964, p. 8). ÂÂ   2.1.3 A Physiological Definition of Animation The Persistence of Vision While there is evidence of a fascination with the visual documentation of movement and narrative in prehistoric and classical periods, it was not until these notions were later revisited by 19th century inventors, that modern animation principles emerged. One of these inventors was the Frenchman Peter Mark Roget, also the author of the famous Rogets Thesaurus, who in the 1820s rediscovered the vital principle, the persistence of vision'(Williams 2001, p. 13). Williams (2001, p. 13) explains the persistence of vision on the following way: This principle rests on the fact that that our eyes temporarily retain the image of anything theyve just seen. If this wasnt so, we would never get the illusion of an unbroken connection in a series of images, and neither movies nor animation would be possible. Many people dont realise the movies dont actually move, and that they are still images that appear to move when they are projected in a series (Williams 2001, p. 13). Jonsson (1978, p. 2) gives a more physiologically oriented explanation: What makes this possible is a quality of our brain called persistence of vision that is; although the frame we are viewing at any given moment is in fact still, the image burns itself onto our retina, so that it remains with us for a small fraction of time while we view the next one and if the difference seems to be a reasonable follow-on, an illusion is created (Jonsson 1978, p. 2). Concluding that technical and physiological aspects work hand-in-hand in motion picture, Jonsson (1978, p. 2) explains that for the eye to record an apparent continuous seamless movement, a certain frequency of frames per second needs to be displayed. Morrison (1994, p. 5) states that human visual acuity is low enough that only 12-15 different pictures (or frames) need to be displayed per second to produce the illusion of movement. The Private Lessons Channel (2002, [Online]) states that the number of frames per second, or fps, directly correlates to how smooth the movement appears. If the frame rate is too slow, the motion will look awkward and jerky. If the frame rate is too high the motion will blur'(The Private Lessons Channel 2002, [Online]). For the eye to record a normal, continuous movement that is not too fast, and not too slow there needs to be a frequency of around 24 to 30 fps displayed by a projector. Jonsson (1978, p. 2), states that this is the sole principle by which both live-action and animated films work. 24 fps is used in cinema, 25 fps is used for PAL television (Europe and Australia), and 30 fps is used for NTSC television (America and Japan). In relation to the illusion of movement and persistence of vision, both Wells (1998 p. 10) and Furniss (1998 p. 5) portrays the view of well-known Scottish-born animation identity Norman McClaren: Animation is not the art of drawings that move, but rather the art of movements that are drawn. What happens between each frame is more important than what happens on each frame; Animation is therefore the art of manipulating the invisible interstices that lie between the frames (McClaren qtd. in Furniss 1998 p. 5). James (2002, [Online]) states that Roget demonstrated the persistence of vision principle in his invention, the thaumatrope. James (2002, [Online]) and Williams (2001, p. 13), describe it as a disc held between two pieces of string, which was attached to both of the disc edges. Each flat side of the disc had different images; one a bird, the other an empty birdcage. Twirling of the disc with the pulling of the string results in the bird appearing to be in the cage. This proved that the eye retains images when it is exposed to a series of pictures, one at a time'(James 2002, [Online]). The Private Lessons Channel (2002, [Online]) notes that two other inventors are credited with this invention, the Frenchman Dr. John Ayrton, and Englishman Dr. Fitton, depending on the source. ÂÂ   2.1.4 The Early Evolution of the Motion Picture Crucial to the evolution of Animation and indeed Motion Picture were other related inventions. James (2002, [Online]) describes other optical devices of a similar nature to the thaumatrope, such as the phenakistoscopeinvented in 1826 by Joseph Plateau, and the zoetropeinvented in 1860 by Pierre Desvignes. Williams (2001, p. 14) mentions another similar invention, the praxinoscope, invented by the Frenchman Emile Reynaud in 1877. Clark (1979, p. 8) states that these contraptions relied for their effect on either an endless paper band or a cardboard disc bearing series of pictures drawn in progressive stages of an action. Viewed intermittently through slots or reflected in mirrors the drawings came to life and appeared to move'(Clark 1979, p. 8). Another invention included the flipbook, or kineograph pad, first appearing in 1868. Another important invention relevant to Motion Picture was photography. The first photographs were taken in the late 1820s by a Frenchman, NicÃÆ'Â ©phore NiÃÆ'Â ©pce'(Thomas 1964, p. 6). In the 1870s Sir Charles Wheatstones moving picture stereoviewerwas created to view a series of actual photographs in ordered succession (Thomas 1964, p. 16). Thomas (1964, p. 18) points out that the first to capture and record a sequence of images, was the English/American Eadweard J. Muybridge, where he famously captured a horse and carriage trotting. He then played the captured images back in a viewing device, known as the zoopraxiscope. Another important revolution in the evolution of the Motion Picture was that of nitrate celluloid film invented by H.W. Goodwin in 1887. Nitrate celluloid film was a chemical combination of gun cotton and gum camphor'(McLaughlin 2001, [Online]). Thomas (1964, p. 29) acknowledges the birth of Cinema to the famous American inventor Thomas A. Edison, and the Scot William Kennedy Laurie Dickson. In 1892 Edison and Dickson succeeded in building a camera capable of taking moving pictures at a rate of forty-six per second on Eastman celluloid film'(Thomas 1964, p. 29). Edisons and Dicksons viewing device, influenced by Austrian Ottomar AnschÃÆ'Â ¼tz, was named the kinetoscope. Thomas (1964, p. 29) describes it as a viewing cabinet by means of which only one person could view a film at a time. As the images were not projected, the viewer had to use a small eyepiece to look into the cabinet in order to see the moving images. Instigated and influenced by the work Edison and Dickson, other inventors set about evolving the kinetoscoperesulting in viewing devices with the ability to project images. The most well-known of these inventors were the LumiÃÆ'Â ¨re brothers, who in 1895 designed a camera and projector which they call the cinÃÆ'Â ©matographe'(Thomas 1964, p. 30). The LumiÃÆ'Â ¨re brothers became the first to give a public exhibition of moving pictures'(Thomas 1964, p. 30), which they held on the 28th of December 1895, at the Grand CafÃÆ'Â © in Paris. It is interesting to note that Estonian animator Priit PÃÆ'Â ¤rn in his surrealist-inspired short film 1895, pays tribute to the LumiÃÆ'Â ¨re brothers, and invention of the cinÃÆ'Â ©matographe. Thomas (1964, p. 31), concludes that the interest shown by the public in these first cinema shows gave rise to a rapid growth in a new industry. In time, with the advent and advancement of various technologies and techniques, the first true animated films were born. ÂÂ   2.1.5 A Philosophical Definition and Discussion of Animation Animation is the art of bringing something to life. How its brought to life can be done any number of different ways, simply states Ludwin (1998, [Online]). Bringing something to life is indeed a very important theme in animation. To better understand the definition of animation, it is useful to find out the original term from which the word animation derives. Wells (1998, p. 10) notes that animation derives from the latin word animare, which means to give life to, and that the animated film largely means the artificial creation of the illusion of movement in inanimate lines and forms. The famous Zagreb School of Croatia relates the definition of to animate back to this original meaning. They suggest, that to animate is to give life and soul to a design, not through the copying but through the transformation of reality'(Wells 1998, p. 10). When youre animating and moving an object, youre instilling life in something'(Lubin 2003). This leads us onto animators philosophies, ideologies and animation aesthetics. There are many differences in philosophy among animators and opinion of what the essence of animation actually is. One interesting example illustrating the philosophical differences of opinion is with respect to the extent of which animation should reflect real-life. For instance, the copying of real-life movements using motion capture techniques, are not favoured by all animators. Stefan Marjoram of the Aardman studio notes that motion capture is alright in sports games, but it doesnt necessarily make you a good animator. Animations not about copying real life, after all a lot of people use motion capture for that. For me animation is about exaggerating real life'(Ricketts 2002, p. 51). Lubin (2003) agrees: Thats absolutely right. I mean if youre doing a game and you want to get Tiger Woodsswing, fine. But Motion Capture which is only about animating humanoid animation, why bother? Just get real actors (Lubin 2003). When asked the question on what the public perception of Animation is, Tom Lubin in an interview on 1 April 2003 stated that it depends on who you askand it depends on the show. Some animation would be dismissed as stuff for something to baby-sitlittle kids with, whilst other animation has a broader market encompassing all age groups. I think the public has a very broad view of it depending on their interests'(Lubin 2003). Lubin (2003) also pointed out that animation has been successful for a really long time, and he stated that it was telling that the Academy Awards now, in the last few years, actually gives an Oscar for the best feature in animation. This has to do with the publics perception of animation as a viable stand alone'(Lubin 2003). Animation at its most creative, is a truly beautiful artform'(White 1988, p. 9). The term art and its related words feature heavily in many animation definitions and philosophies originating from the birth of modern animation. Winsor McCay the first American animator of the early 1900s, who many have dubbed the father of the animated cartoon, once stated: Animation should be an artwhat you fellows have done with it is making it into a tradenot an art, but a tradebad luck (Crandol 1999, [Online]). Crandol (1999, [Online]) points out that McCays warning and prediction inevitably became true. Indeed a studio production system with a streamlined, assembly-line processwas formed out of the necessity to satisfy time, expense and demand factors (Crandol 1999, [Online]). Wells (1998) also mentions several times that the domination and the proliferation of mass-produced cel animation'(p. 35), such as that produced in America and Japan, has led to animation being understood in a limited wayby society (p. 24). Wells (1998, p. 35) elaborates stating that: The amount of cheaply produced, highly industrialised cel animation made in the USA and Japan had colonised television schedules, and perhaps, more importantly, the imaginations of viewers (Wells 1998, p. 35). Crandol (1999, [Online]) also points out that the collective nature of the studio may prevent the artists from receiving the amount of praise an artist working solo garners. Wells (1998, p. 7) makes the point that this type of animation has somewhat diminished animation in the eyes of society as a legitimate artform: Animation has been trivialised and ignored despite its radical tendencies and self-evident artistic achievements at the technical and aesthetic level. Ironically, the dominance of the cartoon(i.e. traditional celanimation in the style of Disney or Warner Brothers, which is predicated on painting forms and figures directly onto sheets of celluloid which are then photographed) has unfortunately misrepresented and the animated film because it art seems invisible or, more precisely, is taken for granted by its viewers. The cartoon seems part of an easily dismissed popular culture; animation, as a term, at least carries with it an aspiration for recognition as an art and, indeed the popular evaluation of other animated forms (Wells 1998, p. 7). Although there appears to be a domination of the of American and Japanese style of animation and its entertainment premise as suggested, affecting the common perception of animation, large difference in styles and approaches have occurred and do exist. In an interview with an animation Domain Expert on 1 May 2003, he made the point that European animation, due to the many various nations and peoples, have contributed a large number of diverse artistic visual styles, contrasting to the American or Japanese styles. He also stated that many animated works are not always of the purely entertainment premise. One example he stated was in the communist period of Eastern Europe where animation was state controlled, focusing on allegorical social comment, the animators slipping in their own secret messages in the films past the censors. Even with the domination of industrialised mass-produced animation, and the influences it has on the audience, Crandol (1999, [Online]) remarks that there have been many animators careful not to let business logistics overwhelm the artistic potential of the medium. Crandol (1999, [Online]) concludes that as long as are creative people working, animation will continue to be the best of both worlds: a trade and an art. Tom Lubin, Head of Training at FTI (Film Television Institute), in an interview on 1 April 2003, in response to the question of animation being an art responded I think it is. Well you need art skills to do it. But actually that not as important to me as storytelling. What animation is, is storytelling. Storytelling and its importance to Animation will be specifically discussed and investigated in Chapter 3: The Principles of Storytelling. To give life towas a major inspirational theme in the animation process I went through, so to was the art of animation, as I have personally and purposefully embraced it when conducting the creative animation process. This will be touched upon in part 2 of the dissertation; The Self-Reflective Case Study. ÂÂ   2.2 The Animation Process The Angus Robertson Dictionary and Thesaurus (1992, p. 788) defines the word process as a series of actions which produce a change or development, and a method of doing or producing something. From these meanings the animation process can be described as what I am researching and undertaking in my Honours project; the pattern of methods an animator undertakes from start to finish in the creation of an animated work, or animation. Animation and the animation process, like many other disciplines, have undergone a paradigm shift due to technological advancements. Indeed technology has been the catalyst for many paradigm shifts as Utz (1993, p. 16) points out. Due to the ever-increasing accessibility and affordability of various technologies, an animators methods, actions and options have changed when implementing the animation process. See Appendix 2: Paradigm Shift in the Animation Process, for a more detailed discussion of this subject. Referring to these changes in the animation process, animator George Griffin believes the role of the animator in an artistic sense has changed very little: Despite the enormous upheavals in technology, the independent animators artistic role remains essentially the same: to draw time, to construct a model of ideas and emotions, using any means available (Griffin qtd. in Laybourne 1998, p. xi). ÂÂ   2.3 Types of Animation For a description of the various types of animation such as traditional 2D animation, stop-motion animation and computer generated 3D animation, please refer to Appendix 2: Paradigm Shift in the Animation Process. ÂÂ   2.4 Conclusion Through investigating the various definitions of animation it can be seen that they cover and include many different aspects. The technical definition of animation is closely linked to the history and evolution of motion picture, and this is turn is linked to the understanding of human physiology and how the eye and the brain perceive movement. The different philosophical definitions and viewpoints animators hold also cover many different aspects, varying immensely. This chapter directly relates to the practical component of the Honours project, as described in part 2 of the dissertation; The Self-Reflective Case Study. This is due to the fact that when creating the 3D animated pilot and series concept, I related to and strongly agreed with various animation philosophies that were discussed in this chapter e.g. to give life to, as mentioned beforehand. On some occasions these philosophies affected and influenced the way that I would conduct my own practical animation process. A brief investigation on societys perception of animation subject matter was also relevant for the target audience of the series concept.

How far do you think Twelfth Night succeeds as a comedy Free Essays

When one considers the convention of the Elizabethan romantic comedy, a light-hearted tale of love in which obstacles are overcome- often to resolve with a marriage, Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night certainly challenges the convention. Although the resolution of the joining of three couples: Orsino and Viola; Olivia and Sebastian and Sir Toby and Maria satisfies the criteria for a romantic comedy in some way, the bizarre nature in which some of these relationships come about makes the audience question the likelihood of their successes. In addition, Shakespeare leaves an open denouement in that the amorous outcomes some characters (Malvolio, Antonio and Sir Andrew) are negative- being left alone or unresolved. We will write a custom essay sample on How far do you think Twelfth Night succeeds as a comedy? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The melodramatic manner in which Orsino muses over Olivia at the very start of Act 1 seems to suggest that the unrequitedness of love is more for comedic value rather than a valid representation of true love and thus cannot be taken seriously. Orsino’s hyperbolic soliloquy of his love, â€Å"give me excess of it, so that it may sicken and so die† and later the pun of â€Å"was I turned into a hart, and my desires, like fell and cruel hounds, e’er since pursue me† support this as this painful love is unbelievably developed seeing as he hardly knows Olivia and one could say he is in love with the chase of Olivia- the challenge. To me, this behaviour is reminiscent of the young Romeo’s fanciful love for Rosaline when he soliloquises with confused oxymoronic language, and, as in Romeo and Juliet, it could be interpreted that Shakespeare uses Orsino to make a satirical comment on the shallowness of courtly love. The contrived speech Orsino gives to Cesario to recite to Olivia, a common occurrence in Elizabethan times, includes â€Å"most radiant, exquisite and unmatchable beauty. There is a lack of conviction in these disingenuous words- only used to fulfil the romantic expectation. This disingenuousness is further comedically lampooned by Shakespeare by the way in which Cesario explains that this speech â€Å"took great pains to study† and how she â€Å"can say little more than [she has] studied. † This foreshadows the fact that lack of love or happiness will be present at the ending. However, when one compares this relationship to that between Orsino and the revealed Viola at the climax, it seems as though it was inevitable, as Orsino seems attracted to Cesario’s feminine features from the start, as he states that â€Å"Diana’s lip is not more smooth and rubious; thy small pipe is as the maiden’s organ, shrill and sound, and all is semblative a woman’s part,† which provokes comical dramatic irony to the audience. In addition, the iambic pentameter which the two share in act 2 scene 4, â€Å"Viola: I should your Lordship. Orsino: And what’s her history? Viola: Sir, shall I to this lady? Orsino: Ay, that’s the theme† has become synonymous with the inevitability of a couple’s destiny to be together, highlighting the balance the couple share with each other and is used frequently in Romeo and Juliet for this reason. However, it could also be said that the success of this relationship is unlikely due to the fact that Orsino goes as far as to wish death upon Cesario, although I believe that Shakespeare uses this purely to express Orsino’s frustration for having sexual feelings towards a boy, and feelings which seem more genuine than his courtly, more suitable love for Olivia, although Cesario does continue to call Viola â€Å"Cesario† and â€Å"boy,† which could mean that Orsino’s dramatic purpose is to prove that one can be attracted to both the masculine and feminine features of a person, as Shakespeare seemed to have experienced himself as mentioned in the â€Å"two loves† of sonnet 144. Shakespeare portrays a more blatant presentation of homosexual attraction through Antonio. To me, Antonio’s love for Sebastian seems the truest of all, with him revealing the extent of which as he says â€Å"I do adore thee so, that danger shall seem sport and I will go†, and he does keep to his word as he is willing to enter Orsino’s court, going as far as risking his life, yet Shakespeare leaves him â€Å"unhappy and alone. Shakespeare uses this love to make a serious point rather than a comedic one about how the most passionate loves can be found in circumstances other than the conventional man and woman, as at the time of the play, homosexual relationships in theatre were usually presented in a ridiculous manner for comedic value to laugh at the ostensible folly of it, or mere carnal lust, as opposed to the utter devotion spoken of when Antonio says â€Å"if you will not murder me for my love, let me be your servant,† whereas in Twelfth Night, the most conventional love, that between Orsino and Olivia, is the least realistic- and Antonioâ⠂¬â„¢s for Sebastian the most. Antonio’s loving actions juxtapose with the disingenuous fancifulness of Malvolio’s mere speeches of love- proving Shakespeare’s intent for the construction of a more genuine homosexual love. Antonio expresses his love beyond words- offering Sebastian his purse for the eventuality that his â€Å"eye shall light upon some toy [he is] willing to purchase. † This selfless sacrifice of something necessary to Antonio for the mere materialistic pleasure of his beloved is quite representative of their quite one-sided relationship of servitude. When Cesario is mistaken for being Sebastian, fitting in with the recurring theme mistaken identity, the intensity of Antonio’s passion is revealed. His feelings of betrayal and solitude are not, however, resolved with the revelation that Cesario is not in fact Sebastian, as shortly after, before Antonio can even think of having Sebastian to himself, he is engaged to Olivia. As Laurie E. Osborne puts it, Antonio’s final predicament â€Å"gives us at this moment an image of loss that it can do little to assuage, since at the end Antonio finds Sebastian only to stand silently by, watching him commit himself to Olivia. † Also, earlier in the play, Sebastian’s â€Å"my kind Antonio, I can no other answer make but thanks, and thanks; and ever thanks; and oft good turns† suggests that Sebastian aware of Antonio’s romantic feelings for him, but respectfully denies him, stating that he’d prefer a platonic relationship. The aforementioned melancholy of Antonio’s predicament at the play’s denouement is a message too sombre to succeed comedically to a modern audience due to the attenuation of heteronormativity over time, thus making empathy for a homosexual love easier. However, this comedic aspect of the play may have succeeded to an Elizabethan audience due to a lack of â€Å"queer love† acceptance. Nevertheless, I believe that, due to Shakespeare’s ostensible bisexuality (evidenced through such works as sonnets 15, 18 and 20) it is probable that Antonio’s misfortune in his love for Sebastian is intended to be sympathised with- most likely failing at this to an Elizabethan audience. However, of course, as it is a Shakespearean romance, it is one of many to consider and thus cannot deem the play a holistic failure with regards to its comedy. The amorous feelings which Sir Andrew has for Olivia throughout the play are completely unrequited, although, unlike Antonio, the audience never really empathises with him due to his function being solely to fulfil the low-comedic aspects of the play- Shakespeare constructing an â€Å"aristocratic fool† stock character in Sir Andrew, seeming almost incapable of emoting the complexity in which love is presented in Twelfth Night, the wittier Sir Toby, who fulfils the high-comedic aspects of the play seem to understand what true love is, therefore Shakespeare succeeds in making Sir Andrew’s unhappiness and aloneness comedic. Sir Toby lampoons Sir Andrew, presenting Sir Andrew’s stupidity to the audience- reinforcing that the audience shouldn’t feel guilty for laughing at him. The ridiculousness of the duel scene between Sir Andrew and Cesario over Olivia makes it one of the most comically entertaining scenes in the play, and yet, beneath the folly of its surface, proves Sir Andrew’s devotion to Olivia, making his feelings seem unimportant to the audience, regardless of their truth, therefore succeeding in being a comical ending in this instance. Malvolio is, like Sir Andrew, left alone without sympathy from the audience. Tricked by Sir Toby, Maria and Sir Andrew and seeking revenge, it could be interpreted that Shakespeare uses Malvolio to lampoon the prudish views of the Puritan- Maria calling him â€Å"a kind of Puritan,† a â€Å"time-pleaser† and an â€Å"affectionate ass† due to the Puritanical traits which Shakespeare had installed into him, the combination of these surely indicating that Shakespeare intended on making â€Å"Puritan† a negative insult because during the period of the play’s release, Puritans tried to close down theatres due to their lack of concurrence with Puritanical doctrines. However, Malvolio’s true religious views are never explicitly mentioned, possibly so that a Puritanical backlash wouldn’t occur. Alternatively, as Allison P. Hobgood interprets, â€Å"Malvolio hides his truer â€Å"appetites†[for higher power and status] beneath a constructed outer persona, a â€Å"shell† of sobriety, moderation, and propriety. The steward merely acts the role of a Puritan, that is, and hence is perhaps much more un-puritanical than one might imagine. † Malvolio’s construction fits the criteria of the Theophrastian stock character Mikrophilotimia, or â€Å"the man of petty ambition,† the word â€Å"petty† in this categorisation enabling the audience to laugh at Malvolio’s misfortune, thus succeeding comedically. The Humanistic revival of the Renaissance Era makes it highly likely that Shakespeare was conscious of this allusion in his production of the play. Feste brings the play to its denouement with his dejected song, repeating the line â€Å"for the rain, it raineth every day† encapsulating the dark, serious undertone of the play-without which it could be easily interpreted as a resolved, conventional romantic comedy, although Feste’s song reminds the audience that not all characters are left happy and fulfilled. The fact that Feste, a mere â€Å"fool,† gets the concluding lines of the play highlights the transposition of social roles which is an important part of the Twelfth Night festival on which the play is based. Feste, contrary to his title of the â€Å"fool† is also one of the wisest characters, and thus has the power to see and tell beyond the play’s superficially happy plot. To conclude, I believe that the characters which are left â€Å"unhappy and alone† are usually characters used by Shakespeare to be laughed at as opposed to sympathised with- with the subtle exception of Antonio, who is meant to send a more serious message to the audience over sexuality, thus succeeding as a comedy, yet one which deviates from the conventions of its time. Considering the alternative title of the play, â€Å"What You Will,† perhaps a conclusion can be drawn that Shakespeare wants us to make what we will of the ending, using an open denouement whose continuation is to be interpreted as being cheerfully comedic or sombrely serious. How to cite How far do you think Twelfth Night succeeds as a comedy?, Papers

Economic Impact Of The Election Of Donald Trump †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Economic Impact Of The Election Of Donald Trump On The Energy Industry Of Australia. Answer: The aim of the essay is to analyse the possible positive or negative impact of Donald Trump election as US president on the energy sector of Australian economy. Australia is integrated with US economy through Transpacific Trade. Donald Trump opposes the globalisation policy to revive US economy. The effect of global financial crisis and sub mortgage crisis in the US economy has not been eliminated fully. Therefore, the thought of trump is that reduction of alliance with global economies and vision in inward oriented growth of US economy (dfat.gov.au 2017). Hence, restriction in trade with global economies may hamper trade relation with Australia and economic growth of Australia. Australia is net exporter of energy and main resource of the energy sector is coal and natural gas. As demand for coal export is reducing due to climate change and shift of demand is towards renewable energy, Australian energy sector is developing potential towards this energy. During 2015, amount of total export in US was $10.2 billion, which is 5.4% of total export (industry.gov.au 2015). Australia is a great sources wind and solar energy. Therefore, there is ample opportunity for Australia to increase energy trade with US due to increasing demand. Although US is rich in energy resources and improved in technology and has absolute advantage in energy production, both Australia and US can gain from trade. According to the Ricardian trade theory, trade can take place between two country even one country has no absolute advantage over production of any of the traded goods. Trade is taken place based on comparative advantage. Opportunity cost of producing energy product in Australia may be less than production of another goods or services. Both countries can gain from trade if both producing and exporting the goods having comparative advantage of production. Feenstra (2015) argued that gains from trade can be dissimilar due to differences in terms of trade and relative elasticity of export and import demand. Gains from trade are accrued to the country having low elasticity of export demand in foreign market and high elasticity of import demand in domestic market. Trade revenue improves with increase in export and reduction in import. Modern trade theory of Heckscher-Ohlin argued that trade takes place in the presence of incomplete specialisation and differences in factor endowment (Johnson 2013). This model supports intra industry trade. However, according to new trade theory of Paul Krugman, modern economies engage in international trade to take advantage of increasing return or economies of scale from trade and not observing the differences in the factor endowment across regions (Helpman and Razin 2014). If modern trade theory is considered, then also energy trade between US and Australia is gainful. International trade relationship between US and Australia is increasing in the era of globalisation. In this circumstance, restrictive trade policy can hamper economic cooperation between two countries. Trump is against the Trans- Altantic Trade and Investment Partnership and Trans- Pacific Partnership, where multiple countries are engaged in trade agreement including US and Australia (dfat.gov.au 2017). If anti globalization policy is implemented in US, export of energy to the US economy may be cut or stopped, which can reduce trade revenue and capital inflows in Australia. Domestic economy of Australia may be affected for this policy of Trump. As GDP can be presented through the equation, GDP = C+I+G+(X-M), where all the components of GDP such as consumption, investment, government expenditure and net export are expenditure side of the GDP. If energy trade is reduced due to decreasing demand, revenue of this industry would be reduced. As a result energy sector may shrink as coal and natural gas are main component of energy trade. As net export (X-M) reduces, income of people working in this sector may reduce with reduction in employment opportunity. Per capita income associated with the energy sector may reduce to negatively affect the consumption demand. As a spill over effect, demand for different consumer goods in the domestic industry may decrease (Balistreri and Tarr 2016). However, as argued by Findlay and Lundahl (2017), the effect of anti globalization policy may not affect the energy industry of Australia significantly, as Australia is linked with other regional economies with greater share in trade. In the view of Feenstra (2015), over reliance on US economy is a major cause of global economic or financial crisis. Economic cooperation other developed and developing economies may reduce trade risk and risk of policy uncertainty in the US economy. Demand for coal is likely to reduce in many countries due to increasing demand for renewable resources. Australia may focus to the growth of energy sector to penetrate into the new market for export instead of US. This can reduce the negative effect of US protectionism policy on Australian economy. It can be concluded from overall analysis is that energy sector of Australia is likely to be affected by the Trump decision of anti protectionism policy. Black coal consists largest share in the total energy export from Australia, where US has 5.4 % share of total trade with Australia. Anti globalization policy and opposing the idea of Trans- Altantic Trade and Investment Partnership and Trans- Pacific Trade may reduce the trade volume of Australia. As studied in previous section, open trade is beneficial for both countries in the presence of comparative advantage. However, protectionism restricts the gains from trade and also restricts the economy to gain increasing return. Decision of Trump is to restrict capital outflow from US economy. Therefore, reduction in trade revenue and capital inflows is likely to occur in the Australian economy after Trump selection. References Balistreri, E.J. and Tarr, D., 2016. Comparison of Welfare Results from Trade Liberalization in the Armington, Krugman and Melitz Models: Impacts with features of real economies. dfat.gov.au 2017. Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. Available at: https://dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/tpp/pages/trans-pacific-partnership-agreement-tpp.aspx [accessed on 05.25.2017] Feenstra, R.C., 2015.Advanced international trade: theory and evidence. Princeton university press. Findlay, R. and Lundahl, M., 2017. Modeling Global Interdependence: Centers, Peripheries and Frontiers. InTheEconomics of the Frontier(pp. 95-104). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Helpman, E. and Razin, A., 2014.A theory of international trade under uncertainty. Academic Press. industry.gov.au, 2015. Energy in Australia. Available at: https://industry.gov.au/Office-of-the-Chief-Economist/Publications/Documents/energy-in-aust/Energy-in-Australia-2015.pdf [accessed on 05.25.2017] Johnson, H.G., 2013.International Trade and Economic Growth (Collected Works of Harry Johnson): Studies in Pure Theory. Routledge. minerals.org.au 2013. Exports. Available at: https://www.minerals.org.au/resources/coal/exports [ accessed on 05.25.2017]